Currently, there is increasing consumption of rice and among many factors, a growing world population and agricultural growth are the key factors contributing to this increase.Īs it is evident from the discussions, there are limited studies that have attempted to focus on exploring sustainable agricultural production methods while also focusing on improving the yield. Indonesia, China, India, Malaysia, and Brazil alone covered nearly 40 percent of the permanent crops (Thailand is 11th of these). Meanwhile, rice and paddy were the fourth items equal to 740,961 thousand tons. Among the top five items produced in 2016, sugar cane was equal to 1,890,662 thousand tons. Cereals make up the bigger part of crop production. While increases in the use of fertilizers like nitrogen have had a positive impact on agricultural production, they have also had notable negative effects on human and environmental health and thus reduced usage of fertilizers is good for the environment (Pardey et al. In Asia, China, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam are the major fertilizer users.
Moreover, the world total of chemical or mineral fertilizers use was 110 Mt nitrogen (N), 49 Mt phosphate (P 2O 5), and 39 Mt potassium (K) in the agriculture sector. In 2016, the Food and Agriculture Organization ( 2018b) reported that agriculture used more than 50 percent of the total land in Asia. Meanwhile, jasmine rice that is produced in Thailand has a 60 percent of the world market share whereas Vietnam and Cambodia hold 23 and 8 percent market share, respectively (Office of the Permanent Secretary Ministry of Commerce 2018).
In terms of white rice, India, Thailand, and Vietnam are notable rice exporters. The total proportion of land for rice cultivation, as compared with total arable land, is highest in Vietnam, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Asia produces some 90 percent of the world’s total supply of rice (Chapman et al. Rice is the staple food crop for most Asians. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic further adds to these woes affecting the staple food production that consists of wheat, coarse grains, and rice (FAO 2020). Food security improvement should be concentrated on the quality and quantity of agricultural production to respond to their food needs (Food and Agriculture Organization 2018a). These changes are affecting global food security. In this line, Brown and Funk ( 2008) further reported that in recent years rice yields were reduced by increasing temperatures and declining precipitation. ( 2008) stated that climate risk poses significant challenges to several crops in South Asia and Southern Africa region affecting food security which is also echoed by Masutomi et al. On the other hand, this affects the environment negatively. In Asia, every one percent productivity growth contributes to the reduction in poor people by 0.48 percent (Thirtle et al. They found high poverty reduction with agricultural productivity growth. Pingali ( 2012) showed that the green revolution has affected agricultural productivity improvement. Most countries around the world are therefore determined to develop their country to be stable and sustainable. In 2015, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were developed by the United Nations to guide for improved products to meet their own needs. World economic development in the past 30 years has compelled many countries to review the results of their past operations.
Our findings thus add to the limited literature on organic jasmine rice production and propose a recommendation for policymakers to promote sustainable agricultural practices to reduce the environmental impact. Furthermore, our study shows that crop residue is a key to increase rice yields and decrease GHGs emissions.
Following eco-efficiency, organic jasmine rice production offers a reduction in the consumption of resources, reduced impact on the environment, and increased product value. The results show that most of the emissions were caused during the post-harvest management stage. Face-to-face interviewing was conducted with 49 rice producers engaged in chemical, organic, and good agricultural practices in farming activities. The life cycle assessment method is used to find the hotspots that are of high environmental impacts. This study, therefore, focuses on assessing the environmental impacts of jasmine rice production. Agriculture, forestry, and other land use approximately contribute to 24 percent of 2010 global greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions.
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